NOT SO WITH YOU
Conflicting Paradigms of Power:
The Power of Love vs. the Love of Power
by
Robert C. Buehler
Prepared for
the 2001 Annual Meeting of the Wesleyan Theological Society
Since the task at hand is to explore how the dynamics of power might be used in the service of reconciliation, that is, to search for a Christian ethic of the use of power, it seems appropriate to take a serious look at just what the dynamics of power are. This can be done by observation of the world and current issues where the church’s voice on reconciliation is needed, but already a question can arise about whether we have an adequate starting place for such an observation and such a voice.
What role does the church have in effecting reconciliation in the world? What is the church’s relation to power as such? Indeed, what do we mean when we use the word power? Are there different, perhaps conflicting meanings which could confuse our dialogue if not confronted squarely? These questions and others might be addressed biblically by looking into ways the New Testament addresses questions of power, theologically in terms of whether common assumptions about power can be seen in a different light, and also historically in terms of how the church in its long history has both wielded and responded to power.
Power itself can be defined in a range of ways, but within the discussion which follows two conflicting fundamental approaches or paradigms will be illustrated, both of which can be found within the biblical text as well as the historical development of the church.
Specific questions to be addressed include the following:
- What are some Biblical pictures and paradigms by which power is defined?
- What is Jesus’ relationship to power in the memory of the various expressions of the early church, i.e, the New Testament writings and those of the early Fathers?
- What historical and social challenges have affected the understandings of power throughout the history of the church?
- What expressions of power could be effective for reconciliation in today’s postmodern context?
- How might the specific emphasis within the Wesleyan tradition on holiness as perfect love provide a compass to help us answer these questions?
This paper will consist of three components. The first and most extensive will review some biblical material. Within the Synoptic tradition, it will be shown that Jesus himself sets up a contrast between two kinds of power. This contrast is built upon the much more ancient prophetic tradition of divine reversals, as brought into focus by, for example, the Song of Mary in Luke 1:46-55 [+/-]Luke 1:46-55
[46]And Mary said,
"My soul magnifies the Lord,
[47]and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior,
[48]for he has looked on the humble estate of his servant.
For behold, from now on all generations will call me
blessed;
[49]for he who is mighty has done great things for me,
and holy is his name.
[50]And his mercy is for those who fear him
from generation to generation.
[51]He has shown strength with his arm;
he has scattered the proud in the thoughts of their
hearts;
[52]he has brought down the mighty from their thrones
and exalted those of humble estate;
[53]he has filled the hungry with good things,
and the rich he has sent away empty.
[54]He has helped his servant Israel,
in remembrance of his mercy,
[55]as he spoke to our fathers,
to Abraham and to his offspring forever."
, and Jesus’ own introduction of himself in Luke 4:17-21 [+/-]Luke 4:17-21
[17]And the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to
him. He unrolled the scroll and found the place where it
was written,
[18]"The Spirit of the Lord is upon me,
because he has anointed me
to proclaim good news to the poor.
He has sent me to proclaim liberty to the captives
and recovering of sight to the blind,
to set at liberty those who are oppressed,
[19]to proclaim the year of the Lord's favor."
[20]And he rolled up the scroll and gave it back to the
attendant and sat down. And the eyes of all in the
synagogue were fixed on him. [21]And he began to say to
them, "Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your
hearing." (ESV)
. These two references could be seen to serve as foundation or prolegomena to the entirety of the gospel story, at least in its Lukan version. However, the theme is not limited to the particular perspective of Luke; it has its effect on the NT canon as a whole.
This paper will review briefly how the contrast between two paradigms of power is thematic throughout the New Testament, finding narrative expression in all four Gospels and the Acts, and being expressed as foundational theology within the Johannine and Petrine letters, and especially how it is foundational for the Pauline presentation of the meaning of the cross and resurrection, and thus for an understanding of the entire Christian experience. We will seek clarity as to an appropriate understanding of both paradigms, the love of power and the power of love, as we see them revealed in relation to some of the foundational narratives surrounding the person of Jesus and the development of the early church.
The second part of the paper will briefly review Christian history from the viewpoint of this dual perspective on power. By reading this history through a matrix that distinguishes between the “power of love” and the “love of power” it should be possible to provide a way to view specific events in Christian history through an appropriate theological lens.
Thirdly, some comments and observations will be offered regarding ways in which these two conflicting paradigms continue to play themselves out in the contemporary situation, and may provide a helpful matrix of understanding for those of us who care about reconciliation at many levels to develop an appropriate ethic for bringing about intentional change. Those comments will be suggestive of ways in which the material presented in the first two sections might inform discussion of contemporary issues, in the hope that others will be stimulated to further thought along these lines.
We begin by looking for a biblical handle on the question of what can be meant by references to such things as power, love, the love of power, the power of love, and reconciliation. Walter Wink has laid a broad foundation for discussion of power in his ground-breaking trilogy,1 in which he points out that the language of power pervades the New Testament.2 Though the scope of Wink’s analysis is very broad, the relation of the several kinds of Powers he identifies3 to the ministry of Christ and, by extension, of the church’s ministry, is one of contrast. According to Wink, the Powers, though good, are fallen. It is only when the Powers are redeemed that the sovereignty of Christ will be fully manifest. That redemption is brought about through the process of reconciliation, initiated by God, exemplified by Christ, and continued in the life of the faithful. This process itself is one of power of a certain kind, and is identified repeatedly with the power and authority of God in the raising of Christ from the dead. For this reason we cannot talk simplistically only about power versus love, but about the love of power versus the power of love. It could be said that one view sees power as lovely, whereas the other asserts that love is powerful.
What we are after is what kind of power is available and appropriate for use in the service of reconciliation. Here we are concerned not with Wink’s Powers as such, nor with the totality of his complex analysis, which shows them to be somehow both earthly and spiritual4, but with the positive ways in which power is spoken of in the bringing about of God’s purpose. For the writers and readers of the New Testament, we will see that it is the power of love which brings about reconciliation, and acts in relation, response, and contrast to the Powers of Wink’s analysis, whose fallen state5 is associated with what Wink calls the Domination System6, which is characterized by what I am calling the love of power.
The choice of a New Testament passage for use as an initial focus-point for this discussion could almost be made arbitrarily, given the way the theme I am proposing permeates, as it seems to me, the understanding of New Testament writers. One could start, for example, with either of the two versions of the Christmas story, with the birth of a babe in Bethlehem as exemplary of the power of love, contrasted with Matthew’s King Herod or Luke’s Caesar as indicative of the love of power. One could go directly to Paul, and again face a plethora of choices: God’s choice of the weak and foolish in 1 Corinthians 1:27-29 [+/-]1 Corinthians 1:27-29
[27]But God chose what is foolish in the world to shame
the wise; God chose what is weak in the world to shame the
strong; [28]God chose what is low and despised in the
world, even things that are not, to bring to nothing things
that are, [29]so that no human being might boast in the
presence of God. (ESV)
to confound the powerful and wise, in light of the unfailing power of love as given in the 13th chapter of the same epistle; love’s power shown in God’s divesting himself of power in the Incarnation, as presented in Philippians 2:5-11 [+/-]Philippians 2:5-11
[5]Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in
Christ Jesus, [6]who, though he was in the form of God, did
not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, [7]but
made himself nothing, taking the form of a servant, being
born in the likeness of men. [8]And being found in human
form, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point
of death, even death on a cross. [9]Therefore God has
highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name that is
above every name, [10]so that at the name of Jesus every
knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the
earth, [11]and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is
Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (ESV)
; and many others. One could look at 1 Peter, where the power of love covers over a multitude of sins, and is presented in terms of the suffering of God’s people, who participate in the sufferings of Christ, and therefore also in his glory; whereas the love of power can be understood as that which motivates the persecutors. We could turn to the Johannine writings, which tell us in so many words that God’s very nature is love, allowing us to conclude that therein, and not apart from that, also lies God’s power. Or we could look at the presentations throughout the New Testament, beginning with the sermon at Pentecost in Act 2 [+/-]Acts 2
[2:1]When the day of Pentecost arrived, they were all
together in one place. [2]And suddenly there came from
heaven a sound like a mighty rushing wind, and it filled
the entire house where they were sitting. [3]And divided
tongues as of fire appeared to them and rested on each one
of them. [4]And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit
and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit gave them
utterance.
[5]Now there were dwelling in Jerusalem Jews, devout men
from every nation under heaven. [6]And at this sound the
multitude came together, and they were bewildered, because
each one was hearing them speak in his own language. [7]And
they were amazed and astonished, saying, "Are not all these
who are speaking Galileans? [8]And how is it that we hear,
each of us in his own native language? [9]Parthians and
Medes and Elamites and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and
Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, [10]Phrygia and Pamphylia,
Egypt and the parts of Libya belonging to Cyrene, and
visitors from Rome, [11]both Jews and proselytes, Cretans
and Arabians--we hear them telling in our own tongues the
mighty works of God." [12]And all were amazed and
perplexed, saying to one another, "What does this mean?"
[13]But others mocking said, "They are filled with new
wine."
[14]But Peter, standing with the eleven, lifted up his
voice and addressed them: "Men of Judea and all who dwell
in Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and give ear to my
words. [15]For these people are not drunk, as you suppose,
since it is only the third hour of the day. [16]But this is
what was uttered through the prophet Joel:
[17]"'And in the last days it shall be, God declares,
that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh,
and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy,
and your young men shall see visions,
and your old men shall dream dreams;
[18]even on my male servants and female servants
in those days I will pour out my Spirit, and they shall
prophesy.
[19]And I will show wonders in the heavens above
and signs on the earth below,
blood, and fire, and vapor of smoke;
[20]the sun shall be turned to darkness
and the moon to blood,
before the day of the Lord comes, the great and
magnificent day.
[21]And it shall come to pass that everyone who calls
upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.'
[22]"Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth,
a man attested to you by God with mighty works and wonders
and signs that God did through him in your midst, as you
yourselves know-- [23]this Jesus, delivered up according to
the definite plan and foreknowledge of God, you crucified
and killed by the hands of lawless men. [24]God raised him
up, loosing the pangs of death, because it was not possible
for him to be held by it. [25]For David says concerning him,
"'I saw the Lord always before me,
for he is at my right hand that I may not be shaken;
[26]therefore my heart was glad, and my tongue rejoiced;
my flesh also will dwell in hope.
[27]For you will not abandon my soul to Hades,
or let your Holy One see corruption.
[28]You have made known to me the paths of life;
you will make me full of gladness with your presence.'
[29]"Brothers, I may say to you with confidence about
the patriarch David that he both died and was buried, and
his tomb is with us to this day. [30]Being therefore a
prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him
that he would set one of his descendants on his throne,
[31]he foresaw and spoke about the resurrection of the
Christ, that he was not abandoned to Hades, nor did his
flesh see corruption. [32]This Jesus God raised up, and of
that we all are witnesses. [33]Being therefore exalted at
the right hand of God, and having received from the Father
the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this that
you yourselves are seeing and hearing. [34]For David did
not ascend into the heavens, but he himself says,
"'The Lord said to my Lord,
Sit at my right hand,
[35]until I make your enemies your footstool.'
[36]Let all the house of Israel therefore know for certain
that God has made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom
you crucified."
[37]Now when they heard this they were cut to the heart,
and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, "Brothers,
what shall we do?" [38]And Peter said to them, "Repent and
be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ
for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the
gift of the Holy Spirit. [39]For the promise is for you and
for your children and for all who are far off, everyone
whom the Lord our God calls to himself." [40]And with many
other words he bore witness and continued to exhort them,
saying, "Save yourselves from this crooked generation."
[41]So those who received his word were baptized, and there
were added that day about three thousand souls.
[42]And they devoted themselves to the apostles'
teaching and the fellowship, to the breaking of bread and
the prayers. [43]And awe came upon every soul, and many
wonders and signs were being done through the apostles.
[44]And all who believed were together and had all things
in common. [45]And they were selling their possessions and
belongings and distributing the proceeds to all, as any had
need. [46]And day by day, attending the temple together and
breaking bread in their homes, they received their food
with glad and generous hearts, [47]praising God and having
favor with all the people. And the Lord added to their
number day by day those who were being saved. (ESV)
, of the meaning of the Cross and Resurrection, whereby the love of God trumps the power of this world.
The applied theology of Acts and the epistles, however, is tied inevitably to the foundational narratives of the Christian faith, the stories of Jesus which we can read in the gospels. In proposing hermeneutical guidelines for New Testament ethics, Hays points out that “the New Testament is fundamentally the story of God’s redemptive action; thus, the paradigmatic mode has theological primacy, and narrative texts are fundamental resources for normative ethics.”7 This will be important for how we proceed, as we return for purposes of focus to the synoptic gospels, and start with the words of Jesus according to Mark 10:32-45 [+/-]Mark 10:32-45
[32]And they were on the road, going up to Jerusalem,
and Jesus was walking ahead of them. And they were amazed,
and those who followed were afraid. And taking the twelve
again, he began to tell them what was to happen to him,
[33]saying, "See, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son
of Man will be delivered over to the chief priests and the
scribes, and they will condemn him to death and deliver him
over to the Gentiles. [34]And they will mock him and spit
on him, and flog him and kill him. And after three days he
will rise."
[35]And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came up to
him and said to him, "Teacher, we want you to do for us
whatever we ask of you." [36]And he said to them, "What do
you want me to do for you?" [37]And they said to him,
"Grant us to sit, one at your right hand and one at your
left, in your glory." [38]Jesus said to them, "You do not
know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup
that I drink, or to be baptized with the baptism with which
I am baptized?" [39]And they said to him, "We are able."
And Jesus said to them, "The cup that I drink you will
drink, and with the baptism with which I am baptized, you
will be baptized, [40]but to sit at my right hand or at my
left is not mine to grant, but it is for those for whom it
has been prepared." [41]And when the ten heard it, they
began to be indignant at James and John. [42]And Jesus
called them to him and said to them, "You know that those
who are considered rulers of the Gentiles lord it over
them, and their great ones exercise authority over them.
[43]But it shall not be so among you. But whoever would be
great among you must be your servant, [44]and whoever would
be first among you must be slave of all. [45]For even the
Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give
his life as a ransom for many." (ESV)
. Notice that by beginning in verse 32 rather than in verse 35, we can see how the canonical order of the text, matched in Matthew’s version of the same events (Matthew 20:17-27 [+/-]Matthew 20:17-27
[17]And as Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, he took the
twelve disciples aside, and on the way he said to them,
[18]"See, we are going up to Jerusalem. And the Son of Man
will be delivered over to the chief priests and scribes,
and they will condemn him to death [19]and deliver him over
to the Gentiles to be mocked and flogged and crucified, and
he will be raised on the third day."
[20]Then the mother of the sons of Zebedee came up to
him with her sons, and kneeling before him she asked him
for something. [21]And he said to her, "What do you want?"
She said to him, "Say that these two sons of mine are to
sit, one at your right hand and one at your left, in your
kingdom." [22]Jesus answered, "You do not know what you are
asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am to drink?"
They said to him, "We are able." [23]He said to them, "You
will drink my cup, but to sit at my right hand and at my
left is not mine to grant, but it is for those for whom it
has been prepared by my Father." [24]And when the ten heard
it, they were indignant at the two brothers. [25]But Jesus
called them to him and said, "You know that the rulers of
the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great ones
exercise authority over them. [26]It shall not be so among
you. But whoever would be great among you must be your
servant, [27]and whoever would be first among you must be
your slave, (ESV)
) provides a structure which affirms the same contrast of paradigms being pointed out here – a point also made elsewhere by means of a similar structure, such as in 9;30-34ff, and its parallel in Luke 9:44-50 [+/-]Luke 9:44-50
[44]"Let these words sink into your ears: The Son of Man
is about to be delivered into the hands of men." [45]But
they did not understand this saying, and it was concealed
from them, so that they might not perceive it. And they
were afraid to ask him about this saying.
[46]An argument arose among them as to which of them was
the greatest. [47]But Jesus, knowing the reasoning of their
hearts, took a child and put him by his side [48]and said
to them, "Whoever receives this child in my name receives
me, and whoever receives me receives him who sent me. For
he who is least among you all is the one who is great."
[49]John answered, "Master, we saw someone casting out
demons in your name, and we tried to stop him, because he
does not follow with us." [50]But Jesus said to him, "Do
not stop him, for the one who is not against you is for
you." (ESV)
.
And they were on the road, going up to Jerusalem, and Jesus was walking ahead of them; and they were amazed, and those who followed were afraid. And taking the twelve again, he began to tell them what was to happen tohim, saying, “Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man will be delivered to the chief priests and the scribes, and they will condemn him to death, and deliver him to the Gentiles; and they will mock him, and spit upon him, and scourge him, and kill him; and after three days he will rise.”
And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came forward to him, and said to him, “Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask of you.” And he said to them, “What do you want me to do for you?” And they said to him, “Grant us to sit, one at your right hand and one at your left, in your glory.” But Jesus said to them, “You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I drink, or to be baptized with the baptism with which I am baptized?” And they said to him, “We are able.” And Jesus said to them, “The cup that I drink you will drink; and with the baptism with which I am baptized, you will be baptized; but to sit at my right hand or at my left is not mine to grant, but it is for those for whom it has been prepared.” And when the ten heard it, they began to be indignant at James and John. And Jesus called them to him and said to them, “You know that those who are supposed to rule over the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great men exercise authority over them. But it shall not be so among you; but whoever would be great among you must be your servant, and whoever would be first among you must be slave of all. For the Son of man also came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.”
This particular passage is revealing for our purpose because it touches on the nature of God’s Kingdom, which is to say God’s manner of governing: that is, how God chooses to wield power. The situation is set up, first of all, with the description of what is to happen to the Son of man; an indication of how the mission of the Messiah is to be accomplished, namely by suffering rejection and death at the hands of the authorities, relying only on the power of God to raise the dead. A strange path to power indeed! But within this narrative interpretation of what must happen to the Son of man, the response, shall we say the permissiveness with which Jesus intends to undergo these abuses, indicates his seriousness about practicing what he preaches. He who has taught love of enemies is now about to demonstrate what that kind of love looks like.
The second paradigm is presented in the form of the request of James and John, who, maybe, see this near-term rejection and suffering as a necessary nuisance, but who are convinced that ultimately the kingdom will belong to Jesus. Hence, still motivated by love of power, their desire to have the places of honor closest to their Lord is an understandable, quite normal representation of personal ambition.
The indignant reaction of their colleagues, if looked at in terms of the political kinds of maneuverings that tend to happen among those close to any powerful figure, may also represent personal ambition disguised as moral outrage. However that may be, clearly the paradigm presented here is the love of power: loyalty to the King (or any powerful figure) is a means to the goal of a place of prominence in his kingdom.>
The response Jesus brings to this situation points up a radical departure from this paradigm, by re-introducing the contrasting paradigm. The contrast between the way things are done among the rulers and authorities of all the nations, and the way things are to be done “among you” is explicit and unequivocal. There is a way to power that does not entail the use of power as understood by the nations and their rulers, a way that is arrived at by intentional acts of loving service, up to the point, even, of deliberate self-sacrifice, the giving of one’s own life. Such a course of action is a powerful one, one which leads to greatness. The same point is brought forward in the foot-washing narrative of John 13 [+/-]John 13
[13:1]Now before the Feast of the Passover, when Jesus
knew that his hour had come to depart out of this world to
the Father, having loved his own who were in the world, he
loved them to the end. [2]During supper, when the devil had
already put it into the heart of Judas Iscariot, Simon's
son, to betray him, [3]Jesus, knowing that the Father had
given all things into his hands, and that he had come from
God and was going back to God, [4]rose from supper. He laid
aside his outer garments, and taking a towel, tied it
around his waist. [5]Then he poured water into a basin and
began to wash the disciples' feet and to wipe them with the
towel that was wrapped around him. [6]He came to Simon
Peter, who said to him, "Lord, do you wash my feet?"
[7]Jesus answered him, "What I am doing you do not
understand now, but afterward you will understand."
[8]Peter said to him, "You shall never wash my feet." Jesus
answered him, "If I do not wash you, you have no share with
me." [9]Simon Peter said to him, "Lord, not my feet only
but also my hands and my head!" [10]Jesus said to him, "The
one who has bathed does not need to wash, except for his
feet, but is completely clean. And you are clean, but not
every one of you." [11]For he knew who was to betray him;
that was why he said, "Not all of you are clean."
[12]When he had washed their feet and put on his outer
garments and resumed his place, he said to them, "Do you
understand what I have done to you? [13]You call me Teacher
and Lord, and you are right, for so I am. [14]If I then,
your Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you also
ought to wash one another's feet. [15]For I have given you
an example, that you also should do just as I have done to
you. [16]Truly, truly, I say to you, a servant is not
greater than his master, nor is a messenger greater than
the one who sent him. [17]If you know these things, blessed
are you if you do them. [18]I am not speaking of all of
you; I know whom I have chosen. But the Scripture will be
fulfilled, 'He who ate my bread has lifted his heel against
me.' [19]I am telling you this now, before it takes place,
that when it does take place you may believe that I am he.
[20]Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever receives the one I
send receives me, and whoever receives me receives the one
who sent me."
[21]After saying these things, Jesus was troubled in his
spirit, and testified, "Truly, truly, I say to you, one of
you will betray me." [22]The disciples looked at one
another, uncertain of whom he spoke. [23]One of his
disciples, whom Jesus loved, was reclining at table close
to Jesus, [24]so Simon Peter motioned to him to ask Jesus
of whom he was speaking. [25]So that disciple, leaning back
against Jesus, said to him, "Lord, who is it?" [26]Jesus
answered, "It is he to whom I will give this morsel of
bread when I have dipped it." So when he had dipped the
morsel, he gave it to Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot.
[27]Then after he had taken the morsel, Satan entered into
him. Jesus said to him, "What you are going to do, do
quickly." [28]Now no one at the table knew why he said this
to him. [29]Some thought that, because Judas had the
moneybag, Jesus was telling him, "Buy what we need for the
feast," or that he should give something to the poor.
[30]So, after receiving the morsel of bread, he immediately
went out. And it was night.
[31]When he had gone out, Jesus said, "Now is the Son of
Man glorified, and God is glorified in him. [32]If God is
glorified in him, God will also glorify him in himself, and
glorify him at once. [33]Little children, yet a little
while I am with you. You will seek me, and just as I said
to the Jews, so now I also say to you, 'Where I am going
you cannot come.' [34]A new commandment I give to you, that
you love one another: just as I have loved you, you also
are to love one another. [35]By this all people will know
that you are my disciples, if you have love for one
another."
[36]Simon Peter said to him, "Lord, where are you
going?" Jesus answered him, "Where I am going you cannot
follow me now, but you will follow afterward." [37]Peter
said to him, "Lord, why can I not follow you now? I will
lay down my life for you." [38]Jesus answered, "Will you
lay down your life for me? Truly, truly, I say to you, the
rooster will not crow till you have denied me three times.
(ESV)
. Integral to the teaching of Jesus, particularly the teaching directed at those who are identified as apostles (and thus represent for later ages leadership in the church), is this idea that power in his kingdom is to be arrived at through acts which seem like loss of power, the relinquishing of claim to power. These acts bring in the kingdom of God. The church is present in the world, like Jesus, not to be served, but to serve (verse 45) – and this with a salvific effect.
This is the same choice Jesus himself makes in the temptation story as related by Matthew and Luke, and again when, according to the Fourth Gospel, he refuses to be made an earthly king (John 6:15 [+/-]John 6:15
[15]Perceiving then that they were about to come and
take him by force to make him king, Jesus withdrew again to
the mountain by himself. (ESV)
). It is the same contrast he defends, according to the same Gospel, before Pilate, where he indicates that the thing that distinguishes his kingdom from the kingdoms of “this world” is the fact that his servants do not fight(18:36). His call to self-sacrifice, the taking of the cross, is a call to uphold the power of love, and renounce the love of power.
Before we talk further about the power of love, some clarity is needed on the definition of love. In the modern world the word “love” admits of many uses and meanings, and there is no reason to think that this situation itself is anything new. But for our purpose, not just any definition of love will do. Fortunately the New Testament canon of writings provides something of a compass in this regard. In addition to Paul’s beautiful hymn to love in 1 Corinthians 13 [+/-]1 Corinthians 13
[13:1]If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels,
but have not love, I am a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal.
[2]And if I have prophetic powers, and understand all
mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have all faith, so as
to remove mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. [3]If
I give away all I have, and if I deliver up my body to be
burned, but have not love, I gain nothing.
[4]Love is patient and kind; love does not envy or
boast; it is not arrogant [5]or rude. It does not insist on
its own way; it is not irritable or resentful; [6]it does
not rejoice at wrongdoing, but rejoices with the truth.
[7]Love bears all things, believes all things, hopes all
things, endures all things.
[8]Love never ends. As for prophecies, they will pass
away; as for tongues, they will cease; as for knowledge, it
will pass away. [9]For we know in part and we prophesy in
part, [10]but when the perfect comes, the partial will pass
away. [11]When I was a child, I spoke like a child, I
thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I
became a man, I gave up childish ways. [12]For now we see
in a mirror dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in
part; then I shall know fully, even as I have been fully
known.
[13]So now faith, hope, and love abide, these three; but
the greatest of these is love. (ESV)
, which eliminates some dead ends for us by including helpful listings of many things that love is not, we can turn to several passages from 1 John:
We love, because he first loved us (4:19)
By this we know love, that he laid down his life for us; and we ought to lay down our lives for the brethren (3:16)
In this is love, not that we loved God but that he loved us…(4:10)
God is love (4:8; 4:16)
So for at least one New Testament writer, love is the very nature of God. This by itself does not help us very much, since it could lead to a circular definition making love into anything we might propose about God; but because the revelation of the nature of God is bound up with the narrative of Jesus and specifically with his voluntary act of laying down his life, we can say that the nature and meaning of love is revealed definitively in Jesus himself, and most particularly in his sacrificial death/resurrection on our behalf, which provides for us the most powerful and telling definition of love, not as a proposition but as a story.8 This story of Christ’s self-sacrifice shows in what way Christ is the image of the invisible God (Colossians 1:15 [+/-]Colossians 1:15
[15]He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn
of all creation. (ESV)
). The God of Israel is a God who speaks and acts. Likewise the Christ of Christianity both teaches and exemplifies his teaching. If we agree that the love of God is not only the goal of salvation but is the wellspring for both creation and redemption, and is the revelation which has its full unveiling in these last days in Christ (Hebrews 1:1-3 [+/-]Hebrews 1:1-3
[1:1]Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke
to our fathers by the prophets, [2]but in these last days
he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir
of all things, through whom also he created the world.
[3]He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact
imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the
word of his power. After making purification for sins, he
sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high, (ESV)
), then in practical terms, the imitation of Christ and the life of love are one and the same. What this means, of course, is that to live the life of love means constantly re-enacting or re-incarnating the deeds of Jesus, whether of service, speech, healing, or suffering; all in the same spirit of faith which asserts that these are free actions taken in freedom.
In the passage in Mark cited above, the determination to serve, rather than be served, is indicative of the intentional relinquishing of power and privilege, with a view to accomplishing the work of God. The same theme can be seen, among other places, in Philippians 2:5 [+/-]Philippians 2:5
[5]Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in
Christ Jesus, (ESV)
ff, where ordinary church members are urged to have the same attitude as that which motivated the blockquoteine Son of God when he emptied himself of power and authority which was rightfully his, and accomplished God’s reconciling purpose by other means, namely the assumption of the role of servant — the exact thing we saw Mark’s Jesus urge upon the Twelve.
The life of love as the imitation of Christ is spoken of repeatedly in the Pauline epistles in terms of the cross of Christ and of the resurrected life. It is Paul also who gives us the image of the cross/resurrection as paradigmatic for reconciliation on every level. 2 Corinthians 5:14-15 [+/-]2 Corinthians 5:14-15
[14]For the love of Christ controls us, because we have
concluded this: that one has died for all, therefore all
have died; [15]and he died for all, that those who live
might no longer live for themselves but for him who for
their sake died and was raised. (ESV)
and 18-20 says:
For Christ’s love controls us, because we are convinced that one has died for all; therefore all have died. And he died for all, that those who live might live no longer for themselves but for him who for their sake died and was raised…
…All this is from God, who through Christ reconciled us to himself and gave us the ministry of reconciliation: that is, God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself, not counting their trespasses against them, and entrusting to us the ministry of reconciliation. So we are ambassadors for Christ, God making his appeal through us. We beseech you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God.
Thus participation in the death and resurrection of Christ is rooted in God’s reconciling initiative, and has as its immediate consequence the ministry of reconciliation; all of this being understood as the compelling result, even the defining indication, of Christ’s love. Likewise, in the epistle to the Romans, the language of reconciliation is linked to the death/resurrection of Christ(Romans 5:8,10-11 [+/-]Romans 5:8
[8]but God shows his love for us in that while we were
still sinners, Christ died for us. (ESV)
)
But God shows his love for us in that while we were yet sinners Christ died for us…For if while we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, now that we are reconciled, shall we be saved by his life Not only so, but we also rejoice in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have now received our reconciliation.
So we see that the basic theme is not merely Johannine, but is Pauline as well, and indeed appears to permeate the New Testament canon. For example, the ethical instructions in 1 Peter 3:8-18 [+/-]1 Peter 3:8-18
[8]Finally, all of you, have unity of mind, sympathy,
brotherly love, a tender heart, and a humble mind. [9]Do
not repay evil for evil or reviling for reviling, but on
the contrary, bless, for to this you were called, that you
may obtain a blessing. [10]For
"Whoever desires to love life
and see good days,
let him keep his tongue from evil
and his lips from speaking deceit;
[11]let him turn away from evil and do good;
let him seek peace and pursue it.
[12]For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous,
and his ears are open to their prayer.
But the face of the Lord is against those who do evil."
[13]Now who is there to harm you if you are zealous for
what is good? [14]But even if you should suffer for
righteousness' sake, you will be blessed. Have no fear of
them, nor be troubled, [15]but in your hearts honor Christ
the Lord as holy, always being prepared to make a defense
to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in
you; yet do it with gentleness and respect, [16]having a
good conscience, so that, when you are slandered, those who
revile your good behavior in Christ may be put to shame.
[17]For it is better to suffer for doing good, if that
should be God's will, than for doing evil.
[18]For Christ also suffered once for sins, the
righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to
God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the
spirit, (ESV)
present the same paradigm of victory through the imitation of Christ, again linked to his suffering, death and resurrection.
In none of these passages is there any hint of winning God’s victory through the assumption of the kind of power used by the “rulers of the Gentiles,” whether it be political persuasion, manipulation of legal authorities, acquisition of political power, or the use of violence or coercive measures of any kind; but instead the victory is to come through redemptive submission to the often violent measures ways of the rulers of this world; which is to say, through the power of love.
The cross and resurrection of Jesus points to a radical revelation of God’s chosen method for dealing with sin and all human brokenness, including human brokenness as it is manifested in and by powers and authorities: he does so in Jesus by renouncing all coercive forms of power, in the cross actually letting such power do its worst against him; and in reserving to himself only the power of love, demonstrates in the Resurrection (as it has been demonstrated earlier in the miracles of healing) that this is also the power to give life. That is, by God’s own sovereign self-limiting choice, in the defining story of all defining stories, namely the paradigmatic events of Cross and Resurrection, God reserves to himself no power, except the power to give life. By making this radical story the central paradigm for faith, ethics, and behavior in community, the community of faith itself is urged and empowered to become a life-giving, reconciling force – also through, in the first instance, a renunciation of the uses of power.
Two other biblical points remain to be mentioned here briefly: the first is the way in which the temptation story, related by Mathew and Luke, speaks to the love of power; and the second touches on biblical mention of secular authorities or powers in passages such as Romans 13:1-7 [+/-]Romans 13:1-7
[13:1]Let every person be subject to the governing
authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and
those that exist have been instituted by God. [2]Therefore
whoever resists the authorities resists what God has
appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. [3]For
rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would
you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do
what is good, and you will receive his approval, [4]for he
is God's servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be
afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is
the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God's wrath
on the wrongdoer. [5]Therefore one must be in subjection,
not only to avoid God's wrath but also for the sake of
conscience. [6]For because of this you also pay taxes, for
the authorities are ministers of God, attending to this
very thing. [7]Pay to all what is owed to them: taxes to
whom taxes are owed, revenue to whom revenue is owed,
respect to whom respect is owed, honor to whom honor is
owed. (ESV)
and 1 Peter 2:13 [+/-]1 Peter 2:13
[13]Be subject for the Lord's sake to every human
institution, whether it be to the emperor as supreme, (ESV)
ff.
In the temptation story, the love of power is presented as one of the temptations, and Matthew makes it the final, ultimate temptation. It is interesting to note that both evangelists associate the acceptance of worldly power with worship of Satan, and the response of Jesus contrasts it with the worship of God.
Romans 13:1-5 [+/-]Romans 13:1-5
[13:1]Let every person be subject to the governing
authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and
those that exist have been instituted by God. [2]Therefore
whoever resists the authorities resists what God has
appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. [3]For
rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would
you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do
what is good, and you will receive his approval, [4]for he
is God's servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be
afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is
the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God's wrath
on the wrongdoer. [5]Therefore one must be in subjection,
not only to avoid God's wrath but also for the sake of
conscience. (ESV)
might appear to offer a different view than the one presented here, by legitimating the powers or authorities of human government, and enjoining the believers not to resist or rebel against such authorities. But even here, we can note that although he urges his readers to submit to such authorities as God-ordained, the apostle does not seem to envision a situation in which the roles are reversed, and secular authorities submit to or are subject to the dictates or directions of believers. Elsewhere, with reference to the eschatological kingdom, a time is envisioned when believers will reign with Christ, rule the nations and even judge angels (1 Corinthians 6:3 [+/-]1 Corinthians 6:3
[3]Do you not know that we are to judge angels? How much
more, then, matters pertaining to this life! (ESV)
), but we have already seen, for example in the Markan passage that opened this discussion, that the way into this eschatological kingdom is not through the pursuit of power or authority but through the imitation of Christ, who subjected himself to the unjust judgment of these very authorities.
In all of this we can see that the New Testament writers do not appear to have envisioned a time when the followers of Jesus would, or would want to, assume earthly power of a political or coercive nature. McClendon points out,
Perhaps the greatest obstacle to objectivity in examining the New Testament is the temptation to separate these documents from the history in which they first appeared. Once that move has been made, all sorts of mischief follow.9
Loving persuasion was expected to be used in the church, with the severest penalty being, at most, expulsion from the community — and even then with an eye to restoration. But there would come a time when this persecuted minority would become a force to be reckoned with, and the temptation which Jesus rejected with the words, “Get behind me, Satan!” would come, at an opportune time, to confront the community of his disciples.
In the Roman world of the first century, it may have been, in a sense, easier than it is in the North America of the twenty-first century for believers to identify themselves with Christ at the underside of history.10 The methods he urged in his teaching, and exemplified in his manner of death, were remembered and taught by the apostles to a generation of believers which in its turn sought by word and deed to be conformed to Christ. An ethic of suffering was appropriate for such a time, among people who were few in number, limited in resources, for whom suffering seemed an inevitable part of life itself. But over time, the church grew, its influence spread, and it became more organized and less marginalized. The time would come when its voice could be heard in Caesar’s palace and other halls of power, not just as the lonely witness of Paul the prisoner, but as a widespread constituency to be reckoned with. Yet well into late antiquity, the prevailing view within the church was that the life of a Christian was not compatible with the exercise of either physical force or political power;11 although as the Christian movement gained wider acceptance, there arose alternate viewpoints which would allow for accommodation between the kingdom of Christ and the powers of the world.
In conjunction with Constantine’s official interest in Christianity, making it first of all tolerable, we might even say politically correct, for someone to be a Christian, a sea change in attitude overtook the Christian movement which resulted in a variety of responses. After centuries of rejection and persecution, here was an opportunity for the faith of Christ to be not only tolerated, but even recognized, accepted, promoted by the powerful. It could be said that the sense of relief at this turn of affairs was so great that whereas earlier Christians who refused to fight had as an alternative prayed for the protection of God on the emperor and his armies, now the emperor came to be viewed as the protector, promoter, and thus in some sense a temporal savior, of the church. For the first time, the relation of Christian people to power in the form of political authority and military might, began to be one not merely of submission but of (at least) mutual benefit and, inevitably, a reversal of former roles. Thus began the transformation of Christianity into Christendom, and with that transformation the path of submission, obedience, and renunciation of power became just one of several competing subcurrents within the thought and practice of the church.
Illustrative of the paradigm shift that makes this possible is the spread of the possibly apocryphal story of Constantine’s dream just prior to the battle at the Mulvian bridge12 wherein the words “By this sign you shall conquer” were associated with Christ. We are not here concerned with the historical accuracy of this tale, but with its effect as a defining narrative when it began to be included in a general understanding of the Christian story as a whole. Now in this instance the name of Christ was blockquoteorced from the imitation of Christ. The one whose death and resurrection had been associated with the renunciation of coercive power in favor of the demonstration of the power of God to give life, would hereafter be seen instead as the patron of the armies of Rome. For the emerging church, this narrative of Constantine’s victory under the sign of the cross would modify and sometimes overshadow the narrative of Christ’s victory by means of the cross. The image of Christ crucified becomes overshadowed by that of Christus Victor; the vocabulary which had served to promote the power of love, which in the New Testament witnesses to renunciation of the love of power, came into the service of Constantine’s consolidation of power. It allowed him to be loosely be allied with Christianity without himself being a disciple of Christ.13
The Christian message thus began to be bifurcated. In one stream, the love of power became justified because it was now possible, so it seemed, for worldly power to be wielded in the name of Christ, for Christian purposes. From this stream flow many of the excesses of the hegemony of Christendom in the millenium and a half which follows: justification of wars, crusades, inquisitions, pogroms, blockquoteine right of kings, the maintenance of a permanent upper class which produced both aristocracy and high clergy; eventually also colonialism, conquests, justification of the slave trade, manifest destiny, genocide. From the other stream flowed an ideal of Christianity that produced vows of poverty and chastity, a clergy that was forbidden by canon law to take up arms,14 monastic withdrawal from worldly affairs, and reform movements which from time to time reinvented these ideals, challenging by counter-example the legitimacy of the powerful, as for example was done by Francis of Assisi when he and those who joined him took personally the call to the imitation of Christ.15 Other examples, taken from nearly every period up to the present day, could be multiplied.
The interplay of these two paradigms in the history of the West provides starkly contrasting models for reading that history, so much so that the moral questions raised in a reading of Christian history are not radically different from those raised when comparing the Old Testament with the New. How can the way of Christ be one of reconciliation, when the name of Christ has been so often used to create or justify the conditions which call for reconciliation? It is at this point that John Wesley’s thought is helpful.
Wesley proposed in no uncertain terms that Christian perfection is possible in this life, and defined that perfection as being made perfect in love. He understood that love to be something like what has been outlined above, namely the imitation of Christ, love of enemies, etc.16 and was unmoved by objections that few persons could be definitively said to have attained to it. From this we have a pointer to a Wesleyan perspective on the use of the power of love to answer and overcome the love of power: by personal and corporate holiness, the relinquishing of ordinary power and comfort for the sake of the inbreaking kingdom of God, it is possible to re-enact in our earthly circumstances the reconciling story of cross and resurrection, by which the power of love is made manifest as the power to give life. By allowing the story of Christ to be not mere symbolism but a compelling paradigm that actually shapes our life, a story which gives shape and meaning to the stories which we are enacting, we become proclaimers and ambassadors of good news, ministers of reconciliation.
There is plenty of estrangement and alienation in the world, and the need for reconciliation pervades all of life. If Christ is to be the one before whom every knee shall one day bow, do we quietly wait for that as an eschatological hope, or do we somehow participate in the anticipation of that hope? Samuel Hines, drawing on Ephesians 1:10 [+/-]Ephesians 1:10
[10]as a plan for the fullness of time, to unite all
things in him, things in heaven and things on earth. (ESV)
to identify the eschatological purpose of God “to bring all things in heaven and on earth together under one head, even Christ,” identifies this coming together with “God’s one-item agenda” of reconciliation.17 Every aspect of the gospel calls us to be reconciled to God, to ourselves, to one another, to our family, our community, our neighbor, our enemy. The reconciling stream within church history, in which the power of love lived out as the imitation of Christ is expected to have an influence on the world, without using the power-loving ways of the world, is accessible in light of the Wesleyan understanding of the possibility of being perfected in love; not by assuming the power of the powerful, but by faithful living in demonstration of the life-giving power of God. We live today in a world as ambiguous, perhaps, as that of Constantine, and are faced with choices not terribly unlike the choices faced by the church in late antiquity. Like post-Constantinian Christians, in North America we live in a society where officially all religions are treated equally, and in reality Christianity, at least in some of its forms, is given preference. Economic inequality haunts us. Racial mistrust disrupts even the fellowship of the church. Political issues blockquoteide communities. How do we seek reconciliation, and what kind of power can we use?
I would suggest that just as the power of God manifested in the cross and resurrection is the power to give life, and is arrived at through the power of love to renounce the love of power, it is by allowing this formative story to enter the story of our own blockquoteidedness that we can come to a place where reconciliation is, like the kingdom of God, at hand.
The responsibility is a double one, depending on where we find ourselves within the story. Those who are, like Jesus in Palestine and like the early church, without power, receive from the gospel the ability to turn away from the temptation toward domination (Matthew 4:8-9 [+/-]Matthew 4:8-9
[8]Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain and
showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory.
[9]And he said to him, "All these I will give you, if you
will fall down and worship me." (ESV)
, Mark 10:42 [+/-]Mark 10:42
[42]And Jesus called them to him and said to them, "You
know that those who are considered rulers of the Gentiles
lord it over them, and their great ones exercise authority
over them. (ESV)
) and exercise the power of love by the discipline of obedience: turn the other cheek, go the second mile, forgive seventy times seven, seek rather to serve than to be served. Followers of this way witness effectively to power, by demonstrating a holy dignity that disarms the powers, because “the spirit of glory and of God” are with those who live like this (1 Peter 4:14 [+/-]1 Peter 4:14
[14]If you are insulted for the name of Christ, you are
blessed, because the Spirit of glory and of God rests upon
you. (ESV)
). But for those who as Christians do not so completely fit the profile of the powerless, but find themselves in more of a position of authority or privilege, or find themselves among those in the role of attackers or oppressor, whether by privilege of race or gender or economics, social status or political authority, more is called for, the imitation of Christ on yet another level: the intentional release of existing privilege that could be used, the determination not to break the bruise reed or snuff out the smoldering wick (Isaiah 42:3 [+/-]Isaiah 42:3
[3]a bruised reed he will not break,
and a faintly burning wick he will not quench;
he will faithfully bring forth justice.
). Thus, if it is possible for there to be Christian leaders of a nation, the Christianity of those leaders requires them, as servants of Christ, to take on the role of “slave of all” (Mark 10:44 [+/-]Mark 10:44
[44]and whoever would be first among you must be slave
of all. (ESV)
) – including those who are not Christians at all. Likewise, if European-Americans people are serious about reconciliation with our neighbors with roots in Africa, Asia, or our own continent, it cannot be enough to simply try to move directly to a situation of equality: instead, those of us who have enjoyed political, social and economic superiority must intentionally, persistently, for the sake of Christ, assume an inferior position, looking for ways to actively serve. The relatively wealthy, to inherit the kingdom of God, cannot be content with donating a portion of our abundance to the deserving poor; we must, as Isaiah says, look for ways to “pour [ourselves] out for the hungry” (Isaiah 58:10 [+/-]Isaiah 58:10
[10]if you pour yourself out for the hungry
and satisfy the desire of the afflicted,
then shall your light rise in the darkness
and your gloom be as the noonday.
). The call to holiness requires no less. In this way the demands of God’s love are uncompromising for those who want to demonstrate it in the world. It calls high and low alike to the imitation of Christ, the way of the cross, the power of God.
